In addition, 6wks-bacterized plantlets showed earlier and higher expression of genes after 24, 48 and 72 h at 4✬, compared to non-bacterized plantlets. Grapevine defense mechanism was stimulated by strain PsJN, inducing the characteristic ISR 12 and 24 h after root colonization. Priming was analyzed by studying the expression pattern of defence-related genes in non-bacterized and bacterized (6wks-colonized by strain PsJN) grapevine plantlets under low non-freezing temperature (4 ✬). In the present study, ISR induced by PGPR Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN, was analyzed in grapevine leaves by monitoring the expression pattern of defense-related genes coding for enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway, the octadecanoid pathway, and PR proteins after root colonization. ISR and SAR have also been associated with an efficient activation of faster and/or stronger cellular defense responses against environmental stresses, a phenomenon known as priming. Although ISR is linked to independent pathways of SAR, in some cases ISR, similarly to SAR, can be stimulated by systemic increase of salicylic acid levels in plant tissue and accumulation of pathogenesis related (PR) proteins. Induced defense mechanism has been succeeded by root colonization with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), a phenomenon called Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR).
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